Homework:
Reading activity p. 70
p.70
they’re /ðə; strong ðeə, ðeɪə $ ðər strong ðer, ðeɪər/
callisthenics:
juggling club
brisk /brɪsk/ ●○○ adjective
quick and full of energy a brisk walk
They set off at a brisk pace.
sect /sekt/ ●○○ noun [countable] a group of people with their own particular
set of beliefs and practices, especially within or separated from a larger
religious group → sectional
come
across phrasal verb
come across somebody/something
to meet, find, or discover someone or something by
chance
I came across an old diary in her desk.
I’ve never come across anyone quite like her before.
We’ve come across a few problems that need resolving.
Join
in (something) phrasal verb
To take part in something that a group of people are
doing or that someone else does
About 50 fans poured on to the pitch to join in with the players.
in‧sep‧a‧ra‧ble /ɪnˈsepərəbəl/
Put
sth down to sth— phrasal verb
To think that a problem or situation is caused by a
particular thing:
I put the children's bad behaviour down to the fact
that they were tired.
Pi‧la‧tes
/pɪˈlɑːtiz/
The embroidery and the structure of the wine horses blankets
is carried on throughout the year.
price /praɪs/
prize /praɪz/
Phrasal verbs
http://www.phrasalverbdemon.com/prepositions.htm
Verbs: multi-word verbs
Multi-word verbs are verbs which consist of a verb and
one or two particles or prepositions (e.g. up, over, in, down).
There are three types of multi-word verbs: phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs
and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Sometimes, the name ‘phrasal verb’ is used to
refer to all three types.
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs have two parts: a main verb and an
adverb particle.
The most common adverb particles used to form phrasal
verbs are around, at, away, down, in, off, on,
out, over, round, up:
bring in go around look
up put away take off
Meaning
Phrasal verbs often have meanings which we cannot
easily guess from their individual parts. (The meanings are in brackets.)
The book first came out in 1997. (was published)
The plane took off an hour late. (flew into the air)
The lecture went on till 6.30. (continued)
It’s difficult to make out what she’s
saying. (hear/understand)
For a complete list of the most common phrasal verbs,
see the Cambridge International Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
Formality
Phrasal verbs are often, but not always, less formal
than a single word with the same meaning.
Compare
|
phrasal
verb
|
more
formal single word
|
|
We need to sort the problem out.
|
We need to solve/resolve the
problem.
|
|
The team only had an hour to put the
stage up before the concert.
|
The team only had an hour to erect/construct the
stage before the concert.
|
Phrasal verbs and objects
Many phrasal verbs take an object. In most cases, the
particle may come before or after the object if the object is not a personal
pronoun (me, you, him, us, etc.).
Compare
|
(p = particle; o = object [underlined])
|
|
|
particle
before the object
|
particle
after the object
|
|
She brought [P]up [O]three kids all alone.
|
I brought [O]my children [P]up to be polite.
|
|
Do you want me to take [P]off [O]my shoes?
|
Come in. Take [O]your coat [P]off.
|
If the object is a personal pronoun (me, you, him,
us, etc.), we always put the pronoun before the particle:
I’ve made some copies. Would you like me to hand them out?
Not: Would you like me to hand out them?
Oh, I can’t lift you up any
more. You’re too big now!
Not: I can’t lift up you any more.
We usually put longer objects (underlined) after the
particle:
Many couples do not want to take on the
responsibility of bringing up a large family of three or four children.
We can use some phrasal verbs without an object:
|
break
down
|
get
back
|
move
in/out
|
|
carry
on
|
go
off
|
run
away
|
|
drop
off
|
hang
on
|
set
off
|
|
eat
out
|
join
in
|
wake
up
|
The taxi broke down on the way to the
airport and I thought I nearly missed my flight.
We’d better set off before the
rush-hour traffic starts.
What time did you wake up this
morning?
A good learner’s dictionary will tell you if the
phrasal verb needs an object or can be used without one.
Prepositional verbs
Prepositional verbs have two parts: a verb and a
preposition which cannot be separated from each other:
|
break
into (a house)
|
get
over (an illness)
|
listen
to
|
|
cope with (a difficult situation)
|
get
on
|
look
after (a child)
|
|
deal
with (a problem)
|
get
off
|
look
at
|
|
depend
on
|
go
into
|
look
for
|
|
do
without
|
lead
to
|
look
forward to
|
Prepositional
verbs and objects
Prepositional verbs always have an object, which comes
immediately after the preposition. The object (underlined) can be a noun
phrase, a pronoun or the -ing form of a verb:
Somebody broke into his car and
stole his radio.
I don’t like this CD. I don’t want to listen
to it any more.
Getting to the final depends on winning
the semi-final!
Some prepositional verbs take a direct object after
the verb followed by the prepositional phrase.
|
associate
… with
|
remind
… of
|
|
protect
… from
|
rob
… of
|
|
provide
… with
|
thank
… for
|
(do = direct object; po = object of preposition [both
underlined])
Hannah reminds [DO]me of [PO ]a
girlfriend of mine.
How can we protect [DO]children from [PO ]dangerous
material on the Internet?
I’d like to thank [DO]everyone for [PO ]their
kindness.
Prepositional verbs or phrasal verbs?
Not all phrasal verbs need an object. Prepositional
verbs (e.g. listen to, depend on) always have an object after the
preposition:
I’ve got a great new CD. Shall we listen to it?
Not: Shall we listen to?
With phrasal verbs the object can come before or after
the particle if the object is not a pronoun. With prepositional verbs, the
object is always immediately after the preposition.(Objects are underlined.)
Compare
|
Do you always look up every new
word in a dictionary?
Do you always look every new
word up in a dictionary?
|
Phrasal verb: the object can come before or after
the particle up.
|
|
Could you look after my bag while
I go and buy the tickets?
|
Prepositional verb: the object is after the
preposition.
Not: Could you look my bag after …
|
Phrasal-prepositional
verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs have three parts: a verb,
a particle and a preposition. The particle and the preposition cannot be
separated. Many of these verbs are often used in informal contexts, and their
meaning is difficult to guess from their individual parts.
Verb
+ particle + preposition
|
catch
up with
|
get
on with
|
look
out for
|
|
come
up against
|
listen
out for
|
look
up to
|
|
do
away with
|
look
down on
|
put
up with
|
|
face
up to
|
look
forward to
|
watch
out for
|
|
get
away with
|
look
in on
|
|
Ken’s just chatting to a friend. He’ll catch
up with us in a minute. (reach, join)
Do you get on with your neighbours? (have a good relationship with)
We look forward to meeting you on the
22nd. (anticipate with pleasure)
See also:
• Look
forward to
Phrasal-prepositional verbs and objects
The object (underlined below) always comes immediately
after the preposition, and not in any other position:
She was a wonderful teacher. We all looked up
to her. (respected)
Not: We all looked her up to. or We all
looked up her to.
Some phrasal-prepositional verbs also take a direct
object after the verb as well as an object of the preposition:
|
fix
… up with
|
put
… down to
|
put
… up to
|
|
let
… in on
|
take
… out on
|
|
(do = direct object; po = object of preposition [both
underlined])
She fixed [DO]us up with [PO ]a
violin teacher. We’re really grateful to her. (fixed us up with =
arranged for us)
We just put [DO]the accident down to [PO ]bad luck; there’s no other reason. (put down to =
think the cause or reason is)
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