Homework:
grammar practice p. 159
p.24/25
wildfire /ˈwaɪldfaɪə $ -faɪr/
noun [countable, uncountable] especially American English a fire
that moves quickly and cannot be controlled → spread like wildfire
combat /ˈkɒmbæt, kəmˈbæt $
kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑːmbæt/ ●●○ verb
arson
/ˈɑːs
ə n/ noun [ U ]
[ LAW ] the crime of intentionally burning something, such as
a building
arsonist noun [
C ]
someone who commits arson
gear
[uncountable] a set of equipment or tools you need for
a particular activity
hose /həʊz $ hoʊz/ ●●○
noun [countable] British English a long rubber or plastic tube
that can be moved and bent to put water onto fires, gardens etc
syn hosepipe British English
fire /faɪə r / noun
Word partners for fire
put out / start a fire • a fire breaks out / burns
/ rages • be on fire • catch fire • contain
a fire
1 FLAME [ U ] heat, light, and flames that are
produced when something burns
2 catch fire
to start burning
The car crashed and
caught fire.
3 on fire
burning
That house is on
fire.
See picture fire
4 set fire to sth; set sth on fire
to make something start burning, usually to cause
damage
Enemy troops set
fire to the village.
butt /bʌt/ noun
1 CIGARETTE [ C ] the end of a cigarette that
is left after it is smoked
There were cigarette
butts all over the floor.
2 GUN [ C ] the end of the handle of a gun
the butt of a rifle
when you hit someone with the top, front part of your
head
4 kick sb's butt US informal
to punish someone or defeat someone with a lot of
force
copper /ˈkɒpə r / noun
1 METAL [ CHEMISTRY ] [ U ] a soft, red-brown
metal, used in electrical equipment and to make coins, etc. (symbol Cu )
copper wire
See picture oxidation
2 MONEY [ C ] UK
3 POLICE [ C ] UK
acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt ə ns/ noun [ C ]
someone who you know but do not know well
He's just a business
acquaintance .
Career choice
Well-suited to this
kind of work
weigh /weɪ/ verb
1 weigh 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc
to have a weight of 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc
How much do you
weigh?
Hit the ground hard
Intended landed point
Risking injury
Known to happen
Protective gear
Wrap people in cotton wool
Initial line of attack
Fire engine/hydrant-> a water pipe in
a street used to get water to stop fires burning.
Axes, chainshows, waterpumps, chemicals
Assess how bad the fire is
Fire break
Path of destruction
Male dominated domain
For that matter
Make the grade-> to
perform well enough to succeed
He wanted to get into the team but he didn't make the
grade.
Make the grade
to succeed or reach the necessary standard
What does it take to make the grade as a top golfer?
keep up phrasal
to go as quickly as someone else with
I had to walk fast to keep up with him.
keep up with the
Joneses
disapproving
to always want to own the same expensive objects and
do the same things as your friends or neighbours, because you are worried about
seeming less important socially than they are
participle /ˈpɑːtəsɪpəl, pɑːˈtɪsəpəl $ ˈpɑːr-/
participial /ˌpɑːtəˈsɪpiəl $ ˌpɑːr-/
fuss /fʌs/ noun
1 [ U , no plural ] when people become excited,
annoyed, or anxious about something, especially about something unimportant
What's all the fuss
about?
They were making
a big fuss over nothing.
2 kick up/make a fuss
to complain about something
If they don't bring
our food soon, I'll have to kick up a fuss.
wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ noun [ C ]
[ GEOGRAPHY ] a place that is in a completely natural state without
houses, industry, roads, etc.
[ usually singular ] a beautiful mountain
wilderness
fraught /frɔːt/ adjective
1 fraught with danger/difficulties, etc
full of danger/difficulties, etc
The present
situation is fraught with danger.
precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃ ə n/ noun [ C ]
Word
partners for precaution
take [adequate/extra/necessary, etc] precautions • as a
precaution • a sensible / wise precaution • a safety precaution
• a precaution against sth
something that you do to prevent bad things happening
in the future
Driving alone at
night can be dangerous, so always take precautions .
They called the
doctor as a precaution .
[ + of + doing sth ] He took the precaution of
locking the door.
precautionary adjective
a precautionary
measure/step
something that you do in order to prevent something
bad from happening
do sth by the book
to do something exactly as the rules tell you
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME
When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle.
EXAMPLES
- Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road.
- They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow.
- Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
- Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON
The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason for an action.
EXAMPLES
- Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
- Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
- Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
- He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.
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