Homework:
grammar referente, reported speech, p.154
steep
/stiːp/ UK US adjetivo
1 empinado -a
a
very steep hill
una
cuesta muy empinada
bush /bʊʆ/ UK US sustantivo (plural bushes)
arbusto, matorral
safe /seɪf/ UK US adjetivo & sustantivo
• adjetivo
1 seguro -a
Will my car be safe here?
¿Este
lugar es seguro para dejar el coche?
Is it safe to swim here?
¿Se
puede nadar aquí sin peligro?
to be on the safe side por si acaso
2
a safe driver un conductor/una conductora prudente
3 sin lesiones o daños
Thank God you're safe!
¡Gracias
a Dios no te ha pasado nada!
to
be safe from sth estar a salvo de algo
safe and sound sano -a y salvo -a
better
safe than sorry más vale prevenir que curar
• sustantivo
caja
fuerte
hustle /ˈhʌsəl/ UK US verbo & sustantivo
• verbo
1
[transitivo] empujar [a una persona
para que se mueva]
She was hustled into the car.
La
metieron en el coche a empujones.
2
[transitivo] presionar
• sustantivo
hustle and bustle ajetreo
sidewalk /ˈsaɪdwɔːk/ UK US sustantivo AmE
acera
▶ En inglés británico se usa pavement
X-ray [countable]
1 a
beam of radiation (1) that can go through solid objects and is used for
photographing the inside of the body
2 a
photograph of part of someone's body, taken using X-rays to see if anything is
wrong:
The
X-ray showed that her leg was not broken.
3 a
medical examination made using X-rays:
I
had to go to hospital for an X-ray.a chest X-ray
drift
/drɪft/ UK US verbo & sustantivo
• verbo [intransitivo]
1
desplazarse lentamente impulsado por el aire o
el agua
The raft drifted out to sea.
La
balsa se alejó lentamente mar adentro.
We had drifted off course.
Habíamos
perdido el rumbo.
2
ir a la deriva
3
cambiar de situación o caer en una situación
sin proponérselo
She drifted from one job to another.
Iba
sin rumbo de un trabajo a otro.
4
acumularse [nieve, arena]
• sustantivo
1
acumulación
[de nieve]
2 sentido general
to catch/get the drift captar la idea
if you get my drift ya sabes a qué me refiero
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct
speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks
("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on
presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she
said.
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),
doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have
to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This
is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in
the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past).
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For
example:
|
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
|
He said he was going to the cinema.
|
As a rule when you report something someone has said
you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
|
Direct
speech
|
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." |
›
|
Past simple
She said it was cold. |
|
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." |
›
|
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online. |
|
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." |
›
|
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
|
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
|
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." |
›
|
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday. |
|
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier. |
|
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." |
›
|
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
|
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." |
›
|
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
|
Direct
speech
|
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." |
›
|
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow. |
|
can
She said, "I can teach English online." |
›
|
could
She said she could teach English online. |
|
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." |
›
|
had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. |
|
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" |
›
|
should
She asked what we should learn today. |
|
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" |
›
|
might
She asked if she might open a new browser. |
!Note - There is no change to; could, would,
should, might and ought to.
|
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
|
He said he might go to the cinema.
|
You can use the present tense in reported speech if
you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and
will always be Lynne so:-
|
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
"My name is Lynne", she said.
|
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.
|
You can also use the present tense if you are talking
about a future event.
|
Direct
speech (exact quote)
|
Indirect
speech (not exact)
|
|
"Next week's lesson is on
reported speech", she said.
|
She said next week's lesson will be on
reported speech.
|
If the reported sentence contains an expression of
time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if
they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
|
Now
|
+
24 hours - Indirect speech
|
|
"Today's lesson is on presentations."
|
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
or
She said yesterday's lesson would be on
presentations.
|
|
Expressions of time if reported on a
different day
|
||
|
this
(evening)
|
›
|
that
(evening)
|
|
today
|
›
|
yesterday
...
|
|
these
(days)
|
›
|
those
(days)
|
|
now
|
›
|
then
|
|
(a
week) ago
|
›
|
(a
week) before
|
|
last
weekend
|
›
|
the weekend before last / the previous weekend
|
|
here
|
›
|
there
|
|
next
(week)
|
›
|
the
following (week)
|
|
tomorrow
|
›
|
the
next/following day
|
In addition if you report something that someone said
in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to
the place (there).
For
example:-
|
At
work
|
At
home
|
|
"How long have you worked
here?"
|
She asked me how long I'd worked there.
|
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For
example:
|
Me
|
You
|
|
"I teach
English online."
|
Direct Speech
She said, "I teach English online."
"I teach English online", she
said.
Reported Speech
She said she teaches
English online.
or
She said she taught
English online.
|
Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect
speech.
We use asked to report
questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne
what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me
she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an
object.
For example: Lynne said she
was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me
that she'd never been to China.
!Note -
We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me
(that) she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said,
told and asked.
These
include:-
|
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed,
apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited,
offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
|
Using them properly can make what you say much more
interesting and informative.
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-
|
He invited me to the party.
|
|
He begged me to come to the party.
|
|
He ordered me to come to the party.
|
|
He advised me to come to the party.
|
|
He suggested I should come to the
party.
|
In reported speech, the word that is
often used.
For example: He told me that he
lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in
Greenwich.
!Note -
That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come
to the party.
I'm British, so I only tend to place the comma inside
quotation marks when it's part of the sentence being quoted.
"I didn't notice that the comma was inside the
quotation marks," Lynne said, "but Hekner did."
That said, I read so much American literature, that
even I tuck them away sometimes.
Really, no one has set in stone what the rules of the
English language are. It's a diverse language, and the rules that exist have
arisen through usage, and they can change in exactly the same way, so maybe it
doesn't matter, but it's best to be consistent.
REPORTING
VERBS
offer /ˈɒfə/ UK US verbo & sustantivo
• verbo
1 to offer sb sth, to offer sth to sb ofrecerle algo a alguien
He offered me a drink.
2 to offer (to do sth) ofrecerse (a
hacer algo)
It was nice of her to offer.
Fue
un detalle que se ofreciera.
promise /ˈprɒmɪs/ UK US verbo & sustantivo
• verbo
[transitivo/intransitivo]
prometer
He promised to
fix it.
Prometió
que lo arreglaría.
to
promise sb sth prometerle algo a alguien
You promised me the world.
insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ UK US verbo [intransitivo]
insistir
to insist on (doing) sth insistir en (hacer) algo
He insisted on seeing the manager.
Insistió
en ver al gerente.
to insist that insistir en que
She insisted that she had seen him.
Insistió
en que lo había visto.
tell /tel/ UK US verbo (pasado & participio
told)
1 [transitivo] decir
She told me (that)she didn't want it.
Me
dijo que no lo quería.
I told you so! ¡te lo dije!
2 to tell sb about sth contarle a alguien algo
Tell us about your trip to Japan.
Cuéntanos
qué tal te fue por Japón.
3
to tell a story/joke contar un cuento/un chiste
4
to tell the truth/a lie decir la verdad/una mentira
5
to tell sb to do sth decirle a alguien que haga algo
He told me to shut the door.
Me
dijo que cerrara la puerta.
persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ UK US verbo [transitivo]
1
to persuade sb to do sth convencer a alguien de que/para que
haga algo
They persuaded her to let them stay.
La
convencieron para que les dejara quedarse.
2
to persuade sb of sth convencer a alguien de algo
They persuaded me of not going to the meeting.
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