C1 28-29/11/16

Homework: grammar practice p. 160 and reading activity p. 39

p. 36

amenity /əˈmiːnəti/ /əˈmenəti/ noun [ C ]

a building, piece of equipment, or service that is provided for people's comfort or enjoyment

[ usually plural ] The campsite's amenities include a pool and three restaurants.

facilities /fəˈsɪlətiz/ noun [ plural ]

Word partners for facilities

offer / provide facilities • facilities for sb/(doing) sth • sports facilities

buildings, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose

sports /washing facilities

childcare facilities

recreation /ˌrekriˈeɪʃ ə n/ noun [ C , U ]

activities that you do for enjoyment when you are not working

Shopping seems to be her only form of recreation.

a recreation area/centre

recreational adjective

aren't /ɑːnt/

development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ noun

Word partners for development

encourage / monitor / restrict development • dramatic / major / rapid development • in / under development

BUILD [U] when new houses, factories, shops, etc, are built on an area of land

land suitable for development

BUILDINGS [C] an area of land with new houses, factories, shops, etc on it

a new housing development

bankrupt  /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/ adjective

[ FINANCE ] unable to continue in business because you cannot pay your debts

He went bankrupt after only a year in business.

evict /ɪˈvɪkt/ verb [ T ]

to legally force someone to leave the house they are living in

They were evicted after complaints from their neighbours.

eviction /ɪˈvɪkʃ ə n/ noun [ C , U ]

surf the channels/channel surfing

/ˈvaɪbrənt/

/ˈneɪbəhʊd $ -ər-/

ˈmind-ˌboggling adjective informal

Difficult to imagine and very big, strange, or complicated

ˈmind-ˌblowing adjective informal 

Very exciting, shocking, or strange a mind-blowing experience

grand /ɡrænd/ ●●○ S3 W3 adjective 

big and very impressive opp humble a grand country house The party was a grand affair. New Yorkers build on a grand scale.

Hussle and bustle

nostalgia /nɒˈstældʒə $ nɑː-/

Thames, the /temz/

urban /ˈɜːbən $ ˈɜːr-/

genuinely /ˈdʒenjuɪnli/

boast 1 /bəʊst/ verb

1 PRIDE [I , T] to talk with too much pride about what you have done or what you own

I wish she would stop boasting about her exam results.

[+ that] Liam boasted that he owned two sports cars.

2 HAVE [T] If a place boasts something good, it has it.

New York boasts some of the best museums in the world.

sprawl /sprɔːl/ verb [ I ]

BUILDINGS to cover a large area, often in a way which is not tidy or not planned

sprawling suburbs

sprawl noun [ U ]

urban sprawl

leafy /ˈliːfi/ adjective [ always before noun ]

A leafy place is pleasant and quiet with a lot of trees.

a leafy lane/suburb

estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ noun [ C ]

1 LAND a large area of land in the countryside that is owned by one person or organization

a country estate

2 BUILDINGS UK an area with a lot of buildings of the same type

an industrial estate

3 POSSESSIONS the possessions and money that someone owns when they die

She left her entire estate to a charity for cats.

See also: housing estate, real estate

ˈ real estate ˌ agent US ( UK estate agent ) noun [ C ]

Someone who sells buildings and land as their job

p. 37

Seldom /ˈseldəm/ ●●○ adverb 

very rarely or almost never Karen had seldom seen him so angry.

In everyday English, people usually say rarely or not very often: I seldom go there. → I don’t go there very often.

GRAMMAR: Word order

In formal writing, seldom can be put first, followed by an auxiliary and the subject, to emphasize that something very rarely happens: Seldom have I read an article that was so full of lies.

Communal /ˈkɒmjənəl, kəˈmjuːnl $ ˈkɑː-/

Bike lane

C1 21-22/11/16

p.32 review

Homework: p.32 review

Mirador

Elecciones consejo escolar

p.29

registration /ˌredʒɪˈstreɪʃən/

/əˈprɒksɪmətli/

/ˈdiːteɪl/

/ˈviːzə/

/ˈkaʊnsələ $ -ər/

/səˈtɪfɪkət $ sər-/

/ɪnˈkluːd/

a.m. ( also am ) /ˌeɪˈem/ = in the morning

used to refer to a time between 12 o'clock in the night and 12 o'clock in the day

We're open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily.

p.m. ( also pm ) /ˌpiːˈem/ = in the afternoon / evening

used when you are referring to a time after 12 o'clock in the middle of the day, but before 12 o'clock in the middle of the night

Opening hours: 9 a.m. - 6 p.m.

i.e. (id est)/ˌaɪ ˈiː/ (=that is) ●●○  written before a word or phrase that gives the exact meaning of something you have just written or said

The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.

e.g. (exempli gratia)/ˌiː ˈdʒiː/ ●●○  the abbreviation of for example citrus fruits, e.g. oranges and grapefruit

bud‧dy /ˈbʌdi/ noun (plural buddies) [countable]  1 informal a friend We’re good buddies.

pal /pæl/ noun [countable]  1 informal a close friend → mate We’ve been pals since we were at school. an old pal (=a friend you have had for a long time)► see thesaurus at friendo

the‧sau‧rus /θɪˈsɔːrəs/ noun (plural thesauruses or thesauri /-raɪ/) [countable]  a book in which words are put into groups with other words that have similar meanings

NB (also nb) British English written abbreviation for ‘nota bene’, used to make a reader pay attention to an important piece of information

The net cost of materials may be excluded from the gross payment before tax deduction is calculated (NB The current deduction rate is 27%).

tuition /tjuˈɪʃ ə n/ noun [ U ]

Word partners for tuition

get / be given / offer / receive tuition • expert tuition • individual / one-to-one / private tuition • tuition in sth

1 TEACHING [ EDUCATION ] the teaching of one person or of a small group of people

French tuition

2 MONEY [ EDUCATION ] mainly US money that you pay for being taught, especially at college or university

etc /etˈset ə rə/

abbreviation for et cetera: used at the end of a list to show that other things or people could also be added to it

Clases particulares:

I go to extra lessons after school with a tutor.

Abbrebiations in texting:

Cu ltr L8r

4u

U r invited 2

Wdya-> what do you…?

LOL

Ttfn-> ta ta for now

Asap

2 b or not 2 b

Dya now…?

Cba -> can’t be arsed

Wtf

Afk

Booze, boozer = pub/alcoholic

Binge drinking

p.31

Free soloing

I’m gonna get

I’m gon/a  get

cer‧e‧bral /ˈserəbrəl $ səˈriː-, ˈserə-/ adjective  1 [only before noun] medical relating to or affecting your brain a cerebral haemorrhage (=bleeding in the brain)2 having or involving complicated ideas rather than strong emotions a cerebral film

shov‧el /ˈʃʌvəl/ ●●○ noun [countable]

1 shovel.jpg a tool with a rounded blade and a long handle used for moving earth, stones etc syn spade

2 a part of a large vehicle or machine used for moving or digging Earth

Ranges (mountain range)

p.33

blend /blend/ ●●○ verb  1 [intransitive, transitive] to combine different things in a way that produces an effective or pleasant result, or to become combined in this way a story that blends fact and legend

blend with/together

Leave the sauce to allow the flavours to blend together

or‧nate /ɔːˈneɪt $ ɔːr-/ adjective  ldoce_244.png covered with a lot of decoration an ornate gold mirror

shack/ʃæk/ noun [countable]  a small building that has not been built very well a tin shack

striking /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ ●○○ adjective  1 unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed

striking contrast/similarity/parallel etc a striking contrast between wealth and poverty

concrete  /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ noun [ U ]

imposing /ɪmˈpəʊzɪŋ/ adjective

looking big and important in a way that people admire

He was an imposing figure - tall and broad-chested.

 

elaborate /ɪˈlæb ə rət/ adjective

elaborate /ɪˈlæb ə reɪt/ verb

C1 16-17/11/16

p.26

whirlpool /ˈwɜːlpuːl/ noun [ C ]

an area of water that moves round and round very quickly

shoe /ʃuː/ noun [ C ]

1 a strong covering for the foot, often made of leather

a pair of shoes

training shoes

to put your shoes on/take your shoes off

2 be in sb's shoes

informal to be in the same situation as someone else, especially an unpleasant situation

What would you do if you were in my shoes?

shoo /ʃuː/ verb present participle shooing , past shooed

shoo sb away/off/out, etc

to make a person or animal leave a place by chasing them or shouting 'shoo' at them

shoo exclamation

astonishing /əˈstɒnɪʃɪŋ/ adjective

very surprising

It's astonishing that so many people believed his story.

astonishingly adverb

strenuous /ˈstrenjuəs/ adjective

using or needing a lot of effort

strenuous exercise

My list of extreme sports:

BASE Jumping: is very extreme activity that includes a parachute (can be used both parachute and wingsuit) to jump from fixed objects, with unopened parachute like skydiving. The acronym “B.A.S.E.” stands for: Building, Antenna, Span, Earth – four categories of objects from which B.A.S.E. jumper can jump.

Bodyboarding: is a kind of wave surfing. But instead of surfboard u have a rectangular piece of hydrodynamic foam.

Canoeing: extreme canoeing (a.k.a whitewater canoeing or whitewater racing). These extreme guys race specialised canoes and kayaks down a dangerous whitewater rivers. There is also such a class like Extreme Canoe racing, that includes much more complicated rapids, leave it for real pros🙂

Cliff Jumping:

Extreme Motorsport: includes activities like supercross, motocross, freestyle motocross.

Freestyle motocross

Free Running: Parkour

Hangliding:

Ice Climbing:

Jet Skis:

Kitesurfing:

Extreme Biking:

BMX: Vert, Street, Dirt, Freestyle (Flatland)

Moto trials

Mountain Biking: Downhill, Freeride, Northshore, Slope Style and other

Paragliding:

Rock Climbing:

Sand Boarding:

Sand Kiting:

Scootering:

Skateboarding:

Skiing:

Snowboarding:

Snowkiting:

Surfing:

Windsurfing:

White Water Rafting:

Wingsuit sky diving:

keep (sb/sth) awake/clean/safe, etc

to remain in a particular state or make someone or something remain in a particular state

Thick socks help me keep warm.

He goes jogging twice a week to keep fit.

He keeps his car spotlessly clean.

toboggan /təˈbɒɡən $ -ˈbɑː-/ noun [countable] 

a light wooden board with a curved front, used for sliding down hills covered in snow → sledge

—tobogganing noun [uncountable]

/klaɪm/

ex‧haust‧ed /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd $ -ˈzɒːs-/

blown away

cling/klɪŋ/ /hang (on)

in the zone

flawlessly/ˈflɔːləslɪ $ ˈflɒː-/

vacillate

rally

dangling

foothold

a position from which you can start to make progress and achieve your aims

gain/establish a foothold

footing

[singular] a firm hold with your feet when you are standing on a dangerous surface

Seb struggled to keep his footing on the slippery path.

granite /ˈɡrænət/

summit /ˈsʌmɪt/

route /ruːt $ ruːt, raʊt/

abruptly /əˈbrʌptli/

glacier /ˈɡlæsiə $ ˈɡleɪʃər/

confectioner /kənˈfekʃənə $ -ər/ noun [countable]  someone who makes or sells sweets, cakes etc

put your foot down

a)to say very firmly that someone must do something or must stop doing something

You’ll just have to put your foot down and tell him he can’t stay out on school nights.

b) informal-> to make a car go faster

put your foot in it

especially British English, put your foot in your mouth especially American English to say something without thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone

I’ve really put my foot in it this time. I didn’t realize that was her husband!

rub salt into the wound

Give somebody an inch and they'll take a mile.

glass slick slab – as thin as a coin

freed of the prison

dangling like a spider

The only thing to fear is fear itself.

p.28

Embark /ɪmˈbɑːk/ verb [ I ]

To get on a ship, boat, or aircraft to begin a journey

The opposite is disembark

Embark on/upon sth phrasal verb

To start something new or important

You're never too old to embark on a new career.

I don’t want to keep you long

Amazed by how quickly everything goes.

That’s where volunteers’ groups come in

A holiday job

It all led on from there

In that line of job

C1 14-15/11/16

Homework: grammar practice p. 159

p.24/25

wildfire /ˈwaɪldfaɪə $ -faɪr/ noun [countable, uncountable] especially American English  a fire that moves quickly and cannot be controlled → spread like wildfire

combat /ˈkɒmbæt, kəmˈbæt $ kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑːmbæt/ ●●○ verb

arson /ˈɑːs ə n/ noun [ U ]

[ LAW ] the crime of intentionally burning something, such as a building

arsonist noun [ C ]

someone who commits arson

gear

[uncountable] a set of equipment or tools you need for a particular activity

hose /həʊz $ hoʊz/ ●●○ noun   [countable] British English a long rubber or plastic tube that can be moved and bent to put water onto fires, gardens etc

syn hosepipe British English

fire /faɪə r / noun

Word partners for fire

put out / start a fire • a fire breaks out / burns / rages • be on fire • catch fire • contain a fire

1 FLAME [ U ] heat, light, and flames that are produced when something burns

2 catch fire

to start burning

The car crashed and caught fire.

3 on fire

burning

That house is on fire.

See picture fire

4 set fire to sth; set sth on fire

to make something start burning, usually to cause damage

Enemy troops set fire to the village.

butt  /bʌt/ noun

1 CIGARETTE [ C ] the end of a cigarette that is left after it is smoked

There were cigarette butts all over the floor.

2 GUN [ C ] the end of the handle of a gun

the butt of a rifle

3 a head butt

when you hit someone with the top, front part of your head

4 kick sb's butt US informal

to punish someone or defeat someone with a lot of force

copper /ˈkɒpə r / noun

1 METAL [ CHEMISTRY ] [ U ] a soft, red-brown metal, used in electrical equipment and to make coins, etc. (symbol Cu )

copper wire

See picture oxidation

2 MONEY [ C ] UK a brown coin with a low value

3 POLICE [ C ] UK informal a police officer

acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt ə ns/ noun [ C ]

someone who you know but do not know well

He's just a business acquaintance .

Career choice

Well-suited to this kind of work

weigh /weɪ/ verb

1 weigh 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc

to have a weight of 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc

How much do you weigh?

Hit the ground hard

Intended landed point

Risking injury

Known to happen

Protective gear

Wrap people in cotton wool

Initial line of attack

Fire engine/hydrant-> a water pipe in a street used to get water to stop fires burning.

Axes, chainshows, waterpumps, chemicals

Assess how bad the fire is

Fire break

Path of destruction

Male dominated domain

For that matter

Make the grade-> to perform well enough to succeed

He wanted to get into the team but he didn't make the grade.

Make the grade

to succeed or reach the necessary standard

What does it take to make the grade as a top golfer?

keep up phrasal

to go as quickly as someone else with

I had to walk fast to keep up with him.

keep up with the Joneses

disapproving

to always want to own the same expensive objects and do the same things as your friends or neighbours, because you are worried about seeming less important socially than they are

participle /ˈpɑːtəsɪpəl, pɑːˈtɪsəpəl $ ˈpɑːr-/

participial /ˌpɑːtəˈsɪpiəl $ ˌpɑːr-/

fuss  /fʌs/ noun

1 [ U , no plural ] when people become excited, annoyed, or anxious about something, especially about something unimportant

What's all the fuss about?

They were making a big fuss over nothing.

2 kick up/make a fuss

to complain about something

If they don't bring our food soon, I'll have to kick up a fuss.

wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ noun [ C ]

[ GEOGRAPHY ] a place that is in a completely natural state without houses, industry, roads, etc.

[ usually singular ] a beautiful mountain wilderness

fraught /frɔːt/ adjective

1 fraught with danger/difficulties, etc

full of danger/difficulties, etc

The present situation is fraught with danger.

precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃ ə n/ noun [ C ]

Word partners for precaution

take [adequate/extra/necessary, etc] precautions • as a precaution • a sensible / wise precaution • a safety precaution • a precaution against sth

something that you do to prevent bad things happening in the future

Driving alone at night can be dangerous, so always take precautions .

They called the doctor as a precaution .

[ + of + doing sth ] He took the precaution of locking the door.

precautionary adjective

a precautionary measure/step

something that you do in order to prevent something bad from happening

do sth by the book

to do something exactly as the rules tell you

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle.

EXAMPLES

• Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road.
• They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow.
• Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
• Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason for an action.

EXAMPLES

• Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
• Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
• Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
• He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.