C1 24-25/5/17

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While it is common to form adverbs by adding "-ly" to adjectives, there are plenty of adjectives that end in "-ly", usually by adding it to nouns: lovely, shapely, orderly, homely, etc. There are also examples of other words that function as both, especially adverbs of frequency. Hourly can be used as both an adverb and an adjective. So can daily, weekly, monthly, etc.

Here are a few more to add:

Bubbly, curmudgeonly, prickly, comely, manly, deadly, silly, chilly

cur‧mud‧geon /kɜːˈmʌdʒən $ kɜːr-/ noun[countable] old-fashioned  someone who is often annoyed or angry, especially an old person

gnarl‧y /ˈnɑːli $ ˈnɑːr-/ adjective  

1 a gnarly tree or branch is rough and twisted with hard lumps SYN gnarled

2 gnarly hands or fingers are twisted, rough, and difficult to move, usually because they are old SYN gnarled

3 American English spoken a word meaning very good or excellent, used by young people 

‘Look at the size of that wave.’ ‘Gnarly!’

4 American English spoken a word meaning very bad, used by young people

 a gnarly car wreck

A model of an outline for the oral exam

Extreme sports:

Sports we normally practise

Bear in mind…

Jogging, canicross, tennis, football…

However ,although…

There’s no point

Sports we would like to p

What I... the most

Therefore, admitedly

Skiing, parachuting, bungee jumping,

By and large

Sports we wouldn’t p.

Definitely, in spite of, regardless of

It’s said to be

Surfing in shark infested waters, free soloing, skydiving with a wingsuit...

Had I...

Possessives or compound nouns?

We can demonstrate the link between two nouns either by using possessive forms (the US bank's finance division / the finance division of the US bank) or compound nouns (the US bank finance division). Sometimes all three are possible, as here. Sometimes one form is more likely than another.

Possessive forms: 's or of ?

We normally use the genitive or possessive 's structure when we are referring to ownership and possession, people and animals, personal and professional relationships, or the origin of something in a country or organisation:

Mark's uncle has just bought a Porsche Boxter.

Mark's Uncle Frank is Sheila's oldest brother.

Pig's liver is full of iron and vitamins.

He has strange tastes: he prefers goat's milk to cow's milk.

Stan's new secretary is not even computer literate.

The company's difficulties should not be underestimated.

Scotland's natural beauty is on a par with Finland's.

In examples relating to country and organisations, i.e. things which are inanimate, both forms are often possible:

The policy of the company / the company's policy is to recruit staff from all EU countries.

Poland's history / the history of Poland illustrates the art of survival against the odds. 

We also use the possessive 's to express certain ideas relating to time:

New Year's Day falls on a Saturday in 2005.

Last Saturday's match was fully reported in last Sunday's News of the World.

There was twenty minutes' delay before the plane could take off.

Disneyland was seven hours' drive from where we were staying.

Compound nouns are sometimes also possible here:

Our son so much wanted to go to Disneyland that we had to resign ourselves to a seven-hour journey.

A ten-minute delay was acceptable, but a three-hour delay wasn't.

Note that although we talk about New Year's Day all other special days in the calendar are formed with compound nouns: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, Good Friday, Easter Day, Bank Holiday Monday, etc. When talking about resolutions, it can be either New Year resolutions (more likely) or New Year's resolutions (less likely).

Note that when we refer to a specific date, the of structure is used:

Holidaymakers suffering from that stomach bug on board the cruise ship, the Aurorra - this was reported in The Sunday Times of 25 November 2003.

Over one hundred Renaissance paintings were destroyed in the earthquake of 1926. 

Compound nouns (noun + noun)

Note the frequency of compound nouns in the previous two examples - holidaymakers, stomach bug, cruise ship, Sunday Times, Renaissance paintings, earthquake. When we use compound nouns like these, the first noun has the same function as a classifying adjective - it tells or describes the nature of the second noun:

This shoe shop sells sports shoes.

Communication skills teachers sometimes teach computer studies.

Compound nouns are particularly useful in newspaper headlines and reports as they enable a lot of information to be summarised quickly:

Premiership footballers on a winter break in Spain may face gang-rape allegation charges.

Nouns as Modifiers

A noun can modify another noun by coming immediately before the noun that follows it. As a modifier, the first noun tells us a bit more about the following noun. When a noun acts as a modifier, it is in its singular form.

They do not have vegetable soup, but they do have chicken soup and tomato soup.

In the sentence, the nouns vegetable, chicken and tomato are modifiers. They modify soup. Without the modifiers, we would not know what soup they have or do not have. All we would know is they have soup.

We need to use a modifying word such as an adjective or a noun, attributively (before a noun) to add to the meaning of the noun being modified. For example, we know what a ship is, but do we know what type of ship it is or what it is used for? By using a word, especially a noun acting as an adjective, before the noun ship we get to know what ship it is – a battleship, cargo ship, container ship, cruise ship, merchant ship, sailing ship, spaceship, or supply ship, or even an enemy ship or a pirate ship.

Other examples:

Business/girls’/language/village school – She is a teacher in a language school.

Corner/gift/pet/shoe shop – The gift shop offers a small selection of leather goods.

Family/farm/pet/police/sheep/sniffer/toy dog – The police dog was sniffing round the detainee's heels.

Council/country/dream/farm/mansion/tree/summer house – They rented a council house when they got married.

More examples:

We are renovating the old farm buildings after they were gutted by fire.

They spent the weekends doing the vegetable garden.

She kept her money box under her bed.

A car bomb went off, injuring a dozen people.

He lay in the hospital bed reading a library book.

When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen is used.

Examples:

They built their own half-timbered house overlooking the river.

He does a one-man show in a open-air theatre. / His one-man business is expanding fast.

The pilot overshot the runway and crashed his two-seater aircraft.

The three-day horse-riding event will take place next week.

They lived in a four-bedroom house in the suburbs.

She plays in a five-girl rock band.

He will have to serve a six-year sentence for burglaries.

He got a seven-month contract to work on an offshore oilrig.

The historic eight-room mansion stands in 60 acres of parkland.

The 100-year-old mansion stands in 60 acres of parkland.