Homework:
Reading activity p. 86
p. 83
AS WELL AS is one of the most frequent, still most misused,
conjunction in administrative and academic texts. There
are two mistakes commonly made regarding its use.
Two common problems
There are two common problems with the use of as
well as. The first one relates to its
meaning — as well as is often used as a synonym for and,
which it is not.
Swedish is spoken
in Sweden, as well as in parts of Finland. [incorrect]
The second problem concerns the form of the verb following as
well as. Can you find the mistakes in the following sentences?
John, as well as
Mary, want to drop the course. [incorrect]
Running is healthy as well as it makes you feel good. [incorrect]
Sarah draws as well as designs clothes. [incorrect]
Running is healthy as well as it makes you feel good. [incorrect]
Sarah draws as well as designs clothes. [incorrect]
As well
as is not a synonym
for and
As well as cannot be used to mean and. The expression X as well as Y means not only Y but
also X (note that X and Y are reversed). While and
simply conjoins two (or more) expressions, as well as places unequal
emphasis on the two expressions — the expression preceding as well as
carries a stronger emphasis than the expression following it.
John, as well as
Mary, came to the party. [not
only Mary but also John; emphasis on John]
The programme aims to recruit Sami students as well as students from other countries. [not only students from other countries but also Sami students; emphasis on Sami students]
The programme aims to recruit Sami students as well as students from other countries. [not only students from other countries but also Sami students; emphasis on Sami students]
Now you see that the sentence:
Swedish is spoken
in Sweden, as well as in parts of Finland. [incorrect]
means:
Swedish is spoken
not only in parts of Finland, but also in Sweden. [Imagine! What a surprise!]
It is therefore wrong to use as well as simply
in order to avoid a repetition of and, as in the sentence below.
The university
focuses on education, research and development, as well as dissemination. [incorrect if all three areas are equally important
and none is to be emphasized]
as well as does not make subjects plural
In the sentence
John, as well as
Mary, want to drop the course. [incorrect]
the verb want must agree with the noun
preceding as well as in this case.
John, as well as
Mary, wants
to drop the course. [correct]
In other words, when as well as is part of the
subject, the verb must agree with the noun before as well as.
Verbs after as
well as come in –ing form
When we put a verb after as well as, we use the
-ing form of the verb. (This might sound really strange to a non-native
speaker, but the grammar books agree on this.)
Running is healthy
as well as making you feel good.
He broke the window, as well as destroying the wall.
She draws as well as designing clothes.
He broke the window, as well as destroying the wall.
She draws as well as designing clothes.
Note the difference between the last sentence and the
next one:
She draws as well
as she designs clothes.
[Her drawing is as good as her designing]
[Her drawing is as good as her designing]
DESPITE /dɪˈspaɪt/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL preposition
1 used to say that something happens or is true even
though something else might have prevented it
syn in spite of
Despite all our efforts (N) to save the school, the authorities
decided to close it.
despite the fact (that)
She went to Spain despite the
fact that her doctor had told her to rest (CL).
2 → despite yourself
GRAMMAR: Patterns with despite
• You say despite doing (–ING V) something:
He won despite being injured.
• You say despite the fact that:
He won despite the fact that he was injured.
✗Don’t say: He won despite he was injured.
• Don’t confuse despite and in spite of.
✗Don’t say: despite of
down the drain
informal
if time, effort, or money goes down the drain, it is
wasted or produces no results
Well that’s it. 18 months’ work down the drain.
ˈOWING TO ●○○
preposition formal because of something
Owing to a lack of funds, the project will not
continue next year.
Flight BA213 has been delayed owing to fog.
Examples from the Corpus
owing to•
The new resource represented welcome revenue for a
local government feeling a financial pinch owing to a temporary local economic
downturn.
• The Springboks had to make a major alteration at
half-time owing to an injury to Van Straaten.
• Wild fluctuations in brain activity owing to
changing environmental conditions would thus put the rest of the body at severe
risk.
• The stellar sphere, owing to its vast distance from
earth, needed no epicycles because its movement appeared regular and
unchanging.
• The elements may also be transformed from one into
another, owing to the fundamental qualities inherent in each.
• Cyanosis and flushing occur during the tonic phase,
owing to the sustained contraction of respiratory muscles and cessation of
breathing.
com‧ple‧tion /kəmˈpliːʃən/
mass –
Harold Shipman
We’ve been
talking with Nathan about History. One of the things we mentioned was Jack the Ripper. For more about it
check the paper on the Moodle Platform.
south‧ern, Southern /ˈsʌðən $ -ərn/
jinxed /dʒɪŋkst/ adjective
often having bad luck, or making people have bad luck
They seem to be jinxed when it comes to playing in the
UK.
Who was Jimmy Savile?
In his lifetime, millions knew Jimmy Savile as an
eccentric TV personality.
He was one of Britain
He was also, to some, Saint Jimmy, a diligent fundraiser
who raised £40m for charity.
But, a year after his death in 2011, allegations of abuse
surfaced.
It transpired that he was, in fact, one of the UK
He had been exploiting his status to prey on hundreds of
people - girls and boys, men and women, but mostly vulnerable young females.
scapegoat /ˈskeɪpgəʊt/ noun [ C ]
someone who is blamed for a bad situation, although
they have not caused it
He was made a
scapegoat for the disaster.
algorithm /ælgərɪð ə m/ noun
[ C ]
[ MATHEMATICS ]
a set of rules used to calculate an answer to a mathematical problem
p.88
Affected the Roman Empire
so badly
Right in thinking
Plague
Drought
Grew much more quickly
Mice
Caused a lot of animals to die
The decline of the
Precisely
chain /tʃeɪn/ noun
EVENTS [ C ] a series of things that happen one after the
other
His arrival set off a surprising chain of events.
As a proper Ice Age
Crops failed
Trouble maker
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