C1 14-15/11/16

Homework: grammar practice p. 159

p.24/25

wildfire /ˈwaɪldfaɪə $ -faɪr/ noun [countable, uncountable] especially American English  a fire that moves quickly and cannot be controlled → spread like wildfire

combat /ˈkɒmbæt, kəmˈbæt $ kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑːmbæt/ ●●○ verb

arson /ˈɑːs ə n/ noun [ U ]

[ LAW ] the crime of intentionally burning something, such as a building

arsonist noun [ C ]

someone who commits arson

gear

[uncountable] a set of equipment or tools you need for a particular activity

hose /həʊz $ hoʊz/ ●●○ noun   [countable] British English a long rubber or plastic tube that can be moved and bent to put water onto fires, gardens etc

syn hosepipe British English

fire /faɪə r / noun

Word partners for fire

put out / start a fire • a fire breaks out / burns / rages • be on fire • catch fire • contain a fire

1 FLAME [ U ] heat, light, and flames that are produced when something burns

2 catch fire

to start burning

The car crashed and caught fire.

3 on fire

burning

That house is on fire.

See picture fire

4 set fire to sth; set sth on fire

to make something start burning, usually to cause damage

Enemy troops set fire to the village.

butt  /bʌt/ noun

1 CIGARETTE [ C ] the end of a cigarette that is left after it is smoked

There were cigarette butts all over the floor.

2 GUN [ C ] the end of the handle of a gun

the butt of a rifle

3 a head butt

when you hit someone with the top, front part of your head

4 kick sb's butt US informal

to punish someone or defeat someone with a lot of force

copper /ˈkɒpə r / noun

1 METAL [ CHEMISTRY ] [ U ] a soft, red-brown metal, used in electrical equipment and to make coins, etc. (symbol Cu )

copper wire

See picture oxidation

2 MONEY [ C ] UK a brown coin with a low value

3 POLICE [ C ] UK informal a police officer

acquaintance /əˈkweɪnt ə ns/ noun [ C ]

someone who you know but do not know well

He's just a business acquaintance .

Career choice

Well-suited to this kind of work

weigh /weɪ/ verb

1 weigh 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc

to have a weight of 200g/75 kg/10 stone, etc

How much do you weigh?

Hit the ground hard

Intended landed point

Risking injury

Known to happen

Protective gear

Wrap people in cotton wool

Initial line of attack

Fire engine/hydrant-> a water pipe in a street used to get water to stop fires burning.

Axes, chainshows, waterpumps, chemicals

Assess how bad the fire is

Fire break

Path of destruction

Male dominated domain

For that matter

Make the grade-> to perform well enough to succeed

He wanted to get into the team but he didn't make the grade.

Make the grade

to succeed or reach the necessary standard

What does it take to make the grade as a top golfer?

keep up phrasal

to go as quickly as someone else with

I had to walk fast to keep up with him.

keep up with the Joneses

disapproving

to always want to own the same expensive objects and do the same things as your friends or neighbours, because you are worried about seeming less important socially than they are

participle /ˈpɑːtəsɪpəl, pɑːˈtɪsəpəl $ ˈpɑːr-/

participial /ˌpɑːtəˈsɪpiəl $ ˌpɑːr-/

fuss  /fʌs/ noun

1 [ U , no plural ] when people become excited, annoyed, or anxious about something, especially about something unimportant

What's all the fuss about?

They were making a big fuss over nothing.

2 kick up/make a fuss

to complain about something

If they don't bring our food soon, I'll have to kick up a fuss.

wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ noun [ C ]

[ GEOGRAPHY ] a place that is in a completely natural state without houses, industry, roads, etc.

[ usually singular ] a beautiful mountain wilderness

fraught /frɔːt/ adjective

1 fraught with danger/difficulties, etc

full of danger/difficulties, etc

The present situation is fraught with danger.

precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃ ə n/ noun [ C ]

Word partners for precaution

take [adequate/extra/necessary, etc] precautions • as a precaution • a sensible / wise precaution • a safety precaution • a precaution against sth

something that you do to prevent bad things happening in the future

Driving alone at night can be dangerous, so always take precautions .

They called the doctor as a precaution .

[ + of + doing sth ] He took the precaution of locking the door.

precautionary adjective

a precautionary measure/step

something that you do in order to prevent something bad from happening

do sth by the book

to do something exactly as the rules tell you

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FOR TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them. When one action follows very quickly after another done by the same person or thing, we can express the first action with a present participle.

EXAMPLES

• Whistling to himself, he walked down the road. = He whistled to himself as he walked down the road.
• They went laughing out into the snow. = They laughed as they went out into the snow.
• Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. = She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
• Putting on his coat, he left the house. = He put on his coat and left the house.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE TO EXPLAIN A REASON

The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting with as, since, or because. In this usage the participial phrase explains the cause or reason for an action.

EXAMPLES

• Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
• Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
• Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
• He whispered, thinking his brother was still asleep.