ni2 5/12/11

Homework: read the comic I sent you and select the vocabulary that’s related to crime + grammar reference 4 A and B.
Appeal (launch)= ask for help or information
Set out =leave
Enquire = try to find sth
Fake = (deceive) not real
Drowning = die in the water
Launch = start sth
Search = look for
Missing off = disappeared
Fraud = get money illegally
Shift = the period of time where you are at work
Fail = not succeed
Spokesman = the person who represents another person / family or institution when talking to the media
Flee = run away
Kidnap sb
Highjack
Bribe (take/give)
Sick and tired
Betrayed
We screwed it up

Gerund and infinitive

VERBOS
A algunos verbos puede seguirles el gerundio o el infinitivo y es sólo una cuestión de estilo cómo y cuándo utilizarlos. Tres de estos verbos son continue (continuar), start (arrancar, comenzar) y begin (comenzar, iniciar).

The fans continued to shout / shouting at the referee.
Helen started to cough / coughing because of her bad cold.
It began to rain / raining.

Otros verbos pueden tomar el gerundio o el infinitivo en la mayoría de los tiempos verbales (aunque el inglés británico prefiere el gerundio, el infinitivo es muy común en inglés americano), pero sólo se los usa con el infinitivo cuando se encuentran en condicional. Estos verbos son: hate (odiar, no gustar), love (amar), can't bear (no soportar), like (gustar), dislike (disgustar) y prefer (preferir).

I hate talking to her.
I like to get up early on Sunday mornings and go riding.

... but:

I like getting up early on Sunday mornings to go riding.
I couldn't bear to live in that country.
I'd prefer to see the manager early tomorrow.

CUANDO EL SIGNIFICADO CAMBIA
Sin embargo, con algunos verbos el significado de las oraciones se altera, si se utilizan gerundios o infinitivos. Es interesante analizarlo:

Remember/Forget (recordar/olvidar)
Con los verbos remember (recordar) y forget (olvidar), el gerundio hace referencia a una acción que ocurrió ANTES QUE el hecho de recordar u olvidar. Veamos...

I remember giving him the key significa...
I remember having given him the key o lo que es lo mismo...
I remember the moment in which I gave him the key.

I will never forget going water rafting in Africa significa...
I will never forget the occasion on which we went water rafting in Africa.

Sin embargo, con remember y forget, el infinitivo hace referencia a una acción que ocurrió DESPUES QUE surgiera el hecho de recordar u olvidar. Veamos...

I remember to feed the cat significa...
I remember that it was my responsibility to feed the cat and I fed her.

I forgot to post that letter significa...
I did not post the letter because I forgot.

Regret (lamentar/se)
El verbo regret (lamentar/se) es similar. La estructura regret + gerund (ing) hace referencia mientras que regret + infinitive se usa para prsentar malas noticias (I regret to say..., I regret to tell you..., I regret to inform you...). Por lo tanto, decimos...

I regret telling him the secret significa
I regret having told him the secret o lo que es lo mismo
I wish I hadn't told him the secret.

I regret to say that I just ran over your dog! significa
I'm very sorry but I just killed your dog with my car.

I regret to inform you that your car is missing significa
It is my sad responsibility to inform you that your car is missing.

Stop (dejar de)
La estructura stop + gerund (ing) expresa que se ha interrumpido la acción mencionada en el gerundio. Veamos...

You must stop smoking.

Sin embargo, stop + infinitive expresa que se interrumpel la actividad que se está realizando para llevar a cabo la actividad mencionada en el infinitivo. Observa...

The window-cleaners stopped to smoke. significa
They stopped cleaning the windows in order to have a cigarette.

Go on (seguir, continuar)
La estructura go on + gerund expresa lo mismo que continue + gerund/infinitive:

He went on talking about himself, even though nobody was listening.

Sin embargo, go on + infinitive significa to start something new:

He went on to talk about his children significa
He was talking about one thing and then he changed the subject and started to talk about his children.

Try (tratar, intentar)
Existe una ligera diferencia entre try + infinitive y try + gerund. La estructura try + infinitive sugiere que la acción del infinitivo es difícil y posiblemente la persona no llegue a realizar la acción:

Try to open the window. I can't because I'm not very strong and it has recently been painted.
He tried to climb the cliff.

Sin embargo, try + gerund sugiere que la acción del gerundio no es compleja pero desconocemos si la consecuenciade esa acción será lo que buscamos o deseamos. Se utiliza la estructura try + gerund cuando realizamos algo para descubrir cuáles serán las consecuencias. Observa...

A: Phew! It's hot in here!
B: Try opening the window. Although it's probably just as hot outside!

Need (necesitar, tener necesidad de)
Con el verbo need, el infinitivo adquiere un significado activo y el gerundio uno pasivo.

I need to talk to you significa I must talk to you.
My shoes need cleaning significa My shoes need to be cleaned.
The car needed servicing significa The car needed to be serviced.

go on phrasal verb
1continue
a) to continue doing something or being in a situation
go on doing something
He went on working until he was 91.
3do something next to do something after you have finished doing something else
go on to do something
She went on to become a successful surgeon.
go on to
Go on to the next question when you've finished.


ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION
A
accustomed to
accused of
acquainted with
addicted to
annoyed about/with/at
allergic to
amazed at/by
anxious about
appreciated for
ashamed of
associated with
astonished at/by
aware of
angry with
afraid of
attached to
B
bad at
based on
beneficial to
boastful for
bored with
brilliant at
busy with
C
capable of
careful with/about/of
certain about
characteristic of
clever at
connected with
conscious of
content with
crazy about
crowded with
curious about
D
dissatisfied with
doubtful about
delighted at/about
derived from
different from
disappointed with
E
eager for
eligible for
enthusiastic about
excellent in/at
excited about
experienced in
exposed to
envious of
F
faithful to
familiar with
famous for
fed up with
free of/from
frightened of
friendly with
fond of
furious about
furnished with
full of
G
generous with/about
guilty of/about
gentle with
good at
grateful to
H
happy about
hopeful of/about
I
identical with/to
immune to
impressed with
inferior to
indifferent to
innocent of
interested in
involved with
incapable of
J
jealous of
K
kind to
keen on
L
late for
limited to
lucky at
M
nervous of/about
notorious for
O
opposed to
P
patient with
pessimistic about
pleased with
polite to
popular with
presented with
proud of
punished for
puzzled by/about
Q
qualified for
R
ready for
related to
relevant to
respectful for
responsible for
rid of
S
sad about
safe from
satisfied with
scared of
sensitive to
serious about
sick of
similar to
shocked by
skilful at
slow at
sorry for/about
successful in
suitable for
sure of/about
superior to
surprised at
suspicious of
sympathetic with
T
terrible at
terrified of
tired of
thankful to/for
trilled with
troubled with
typical of
U
unaware of
upset about
used to
W
wrong with/about
worried about