ni2 9/5/2011

Homework: review unit 8 p. 101 + grammar practice u.8 + writing: a letter of complaint ex. 10 p. 100 (consider the info in exercises 5 and 6)

Damaged by our actions

The sad news shown on tv…

To channel hop [flick through the channels with a remote control]

Do you like watching TV?

Are there quality programmes? Which ones?

Do you like adverts? Why (not)?

Idle

1 not working or producing anything [≠ busy]:

I cannot afford to leave the land lying idle.

The whole team stood idle, waiting for the mechanic.

The workers have been idle for the last six months.

Easy-going

Not easily upset, annoyed, or worried:

Her easy-going nature made her popular.

pro‧vid‧er [countable]

1 a company or person that provides a service:

An Internet service provider

2 someone who supports a family:

A widow, she is the sole provider (=the only one) for her family.

Nur‧ture [transitive usually passive] formal

1 to help a plan, idea, feeling etc to develop:

European Union is an ideal that has been nurtured since the post-war years.

A hatred of foreigners nurtured by the media

2 to feed and take care of a child or a plant while it is growing:

Plants nurtured in the greenhouse

admittedly /ədˈmɪtədli / || /ədˈmɪtɪdli/

basically / ˈbeɪsɪkli/

frankly / ˈfræŋkli/

naturally / ˈnætʃrəli/

obviously / ˈɑːbviəsli / || / ˈɒbviəsli/

personally / ˈpɜːrsnʲəli / || / ˈpɜːsnʲəli/

Replacing a Relative Clause by a Participle Construction.

http://www.slideshare.net/Belenislide/relative-and-participle-clauses

Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. (The first sentence is given as an example.)

1.   The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call.
→ The boy waiting in the hall expected a phone call.

2.   Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
→ Passengers wanting to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.

3.   The girl who was picked up by her brother was very nice.
→ The girl picked up by her brother was very nice.

4.   The house that stands at the end of the road will soon be sold.
→ The house standing at the end of the road will soon be sold.

5.   The conference which was planned by non-governmental organisations was about globalisation.
→ The conference planned by non-governmental organisations was about globalisation.

6.   Irish people who live in Great Britain have the right to vote in British elections.
→ Irish people living in Great Britain have the right to vote in British elections.

7.   A friend who helps you in need is a good friend indeed.
→ A friend helping you in need is a good friend indeed.

8.   A picture that shows the image of a person is a portrait.
→ A picture showing the image of a person is a portrait.

9.   The problems that were discussed will be essential for your exam.
→ The problems discussed will be essential for your exam.

10.                    Animals that eat plants are called herbivores.
→ Animals eating plants are called herbivores.

Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir dos o más frases o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración. Aquí tienes los conectores más comunes agrupados en categorías.

Copulativos: and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos: or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise

Condicionales: if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of

Concesivos: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos: therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos: then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos: but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary

Causales: because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as

Comparativos: as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though

Funcionales: so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

Whoever - Whatever - Whenever

English Grammar Rules

We can think about the W-ever words semantically as the 'W' word + the quantifier 'any'. The trick to understanding these terms is to realise that they apply to any single one of the referents, and at the same time refer to all of the referents.

• Whatever - Any thing (This could also be every thing)
• Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time')
• Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere).
• Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the speaker)
• Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or set).
• However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless of how).

Basically each one means:

"It does not matter what / when / where etc." OR

"An unknown thing / time / place etc."

Examples of Whatever

Whatever you do, pay attention to the road when you are driving.
(You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the road)

They say you can buy whatever you desire in Harrods, as long as you have the money.
(You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have enough money)

The student was so intelligent that whatever we taught, she understood.
(She understood everything that she was taught)

The criminal said he would do whatever he could in order to get out of jail.
(He would do everything or anything he could to get out of jail)

Examples of Whenever

Whenever the neighbours flush the toilet, water comes through our ceiling.
(Every time they flush the toilet it happens)

Whenever she calls, the landlord is busy.
(Every time she calls the landlord, he/she is busy)

Call me whenever you need something.
(Call me any time you need something)

Whenever he comes home, he acts like a hungry dog.
(Ever time he comes home, she is like that)

Whenever I go to sleep early, I have extraordinary dreams.
(Every time I go to sleep early, I have these dreams)

Examples of Whereever

Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from and where you are going.
(Anywhere you go in the world, remember those things)

With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time.
(If you are taught well, you will have a good time anywhere)

Wherever we put the TV in the room, the reception is bad.
(Anywhere we put the TV the reception is bad)

You can put the present that she gave you wherever you want, just don't let her know if you put it in the trash.
(You can put that present anywhere)

Examples of Whoever

Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
(Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it)

Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything. 
(Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything)

Whoever it was that knocked on the door last night must have been drunk, because they dropped twenty dollars as they ran away.
(The unknown person who knocked on the door dropped twenty dollars)

Whoever you just spoke to, she must have some special powers, because you look like you fell in love.
(The unknown person who you spoke with must have some special powers)

Examples of Whichever

You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
(You can choose to drive any of the cars)

Whichever dress I wear tonight, I'm worried that my butt will look fat. What do you think?
(Person is worried that the person's butt looks fat in any of the selected dresses)

Whichever road you take to Rome, you will need to drive carefully.
(There are a number of roads to take, and it is necessary to drive carefully on any one that you take)

Whichever pizza you ordered for her, it must have had some very delicious ingredients.
(The pizza that was ordered from those available had some special ingredients)

Examples of However

You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal.
(You can dress the way that you want for the party)

However much she eats, she never puts on weight.
(It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never gets fat)

You can do it however you like; I don't really care as long as it gets done.
(You can do it any way that you want)

However rich they may be, it still isn't enough for them.
(It doesn't matter how rich they may be)

Try our interactive grammar game to learn the difference between Whoever, Whatever, Whenever etc. http://www.grammar.cl/Games/Whoever_Whatever_Whenever.htm

…

nb2 8/5/12

Homework: grammar bank p. 140, 8A a and b + read the text on page 90 and do exercise 1 (the answers to the quiz are on p. 111)

where ¹ /hwer/ ||/weə(r)/

were /wɜːr / || /wɜː(r)/ , weak form /wər / || /wə(r)/

/weə(r)  wə(r) juː?/

whether / ˈhweðər / || / ˈweðə(r)/

weather ¹ / ˈweðər / || / ˈweðə(r)/

interesting / ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

interested / ˈɪntrəstəd / || / ˈɪntrəstɪd/

wheth‧er

1 used when talking about a choice you have to make or about something that is not certain:

Maurice asked me whether I needed any help.

There were times when I wondered whether or not we would get there.

…

SOME, ANY and NO

Some (indefinite quantity) positive sentences:

- I have some apples/sugar.

In negative and interrogative sentences it becomes ANY:

- I haven’t got/don’t have any apples / sugar*

- Have you got any apples / sugar?

* In English double negatives are wrong. We can’t say: “I don’t have no apples” (←WRONG), but you can use the particle “no” + a noun = I have got no apples / sugar (←RIGHT)

 Any can be used in a negative sentence to avoid double negation, BUT ALSO IN AFIRMATIVE SENTENCES: I’ll have any fruit. (THE MEANING HERE IS: cualquiera (tomaré cualquier fruta))

+ - I like some of the songs in this record

- - I don’t like any of the songs in this record– I like no song in this record.

? - Do you like any of the songs in this record?

+ - I like any of the songs in this record (= I like all of them).

REMEMBER: I don’t like no song in this record = I like all of them ≠ I don’t like any song in this record = I hate all of them.

(en  la lengua cotidiana si se usa pero es incorrecto:)

…

COLLOCATIONS 
have fun (=have an enjoyable time)

good/great fun especially British English

a lot of fun especially American English (It wasn’t much/a lot of  fun)

…

Grammar Explanation: -ed & -ing adjectives

We use -ing or 'ing' adjectives to give more information about things. So if we go to see a really dull film, and nothing much happens, and the film even makes me feel quite sleepy, I can say that the film was boring. I use an –ing adjective (boring) to describe the film.

Mark: I watched that film on television last night. It was really boring. I was just bored by it.

He uses the –ing adjective to describe the film. 

Mark: It was really boring. 

But if I want to talk about my feelings about the film – how the film affected me, I use an –ed or 'ed' adjective – I was bored. Here's Mark again: 

Mark: I was just bored by it.

He uses the –ed adjective to describe his feelings about the film. 

Mark: I was just bored by it.

So it's –ing adjectives for other things, and –ed adjectives for my feelings. The film was boring, and I was bored. Now there are only a certain number of adjectives that work like this.

The most common ones are:

Bored / boring

Excited / exciting

Interested / interesting

Embarrassed / embarrassing

Tired / tiring

Shocked / shocking

Annoyed / annoying

Frightened / frightening

And finally, worried / worrying.

…

Do you go to school every day?

Did you go to school yesterday?

Are you going to go to school tomorrow?

…

Somebody, anybody, nobody…

Los compuestos de some y any actúan de la misma manera que estos, es decir, some-, para la afirmativa y, any-, para la interrogativa y la negativa, aunque empleamos some- en la interrogativa para peticiones, ofrecimientos o cuando esperamos una respuesta afirmativa, como ya dijimos en la unidad anterior. Ejemplos:

I saw somebody there. (Vi a alguien allí.)

I did not see anybody there. (No vi a nadie allí.)

Did you see anybody there? (¿Viste a alguien allí?)

Would you like something better? (¿Quiere algo mejor?)


En vez de I did not see anybody there, también se puede decir I saw nobody there. Lo que no se puede hacer es negar dos veces: *I did not see nobody there.


Da lo mismo decir somebody que someone, anybody que anyone, nobody que no-one. No-one se puede escribir también no one.


Any también puede significar "cualquier(a)":

You can take any pencil. (Puedes coger cualquier lápiz / Puedes coger el lapiz que quieras.)

Anybody can do it. It's very easy. (Cualquiera sabe hacerlo. Es muy fácil.)



Ya para terminar, véamos los siguientes ejemplos:

Somebody told me you were abroad. (Alguien me dijo que estabas en el extranjero.)

Nobody came to the meeting. (Nadie fue a la reunión.)

Was there anybody in the house? (¿Había alguien en la casa?)

I want something to eat. (Quiero algo de comer.)

I don't need anything. (No necesito nada.)

I need nothing. (No necesito nada.)

Would you like something to drink? (¿Quieres algo de beber?)

Is there anything in that drawer? (¿Hay algo en ese cajón?)

I want to go somewhere else. (Quiero ir a otro sitio.)

I didn't go anywhere. (No fui a ningún sitio.)

I went nowhere. (No fui a ningún sitio.)

Have you seen my car keys anywhere? (¿Has visto las llaves del coche en alguna parte?)


Ejercicios:

Rellene los espacios en blanco con somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything,nothing, somewhere, anywhere o nowhere.

  1.  I know __________ about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell you, you must promise to keep it (a) secret.

  2.  __________ lives here. There is no water.

  3.  I spent the night __________ near the beach.

  4.  __________ could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It's very low.

  5.  __________ scares him. He's very brave.

  6.  There is __________ to park here. Let's go __________ else to park.

  7.  Would you like __________ to wash your hands?.

  8.  May I have __________ for dessert, please?

  9.  They took him __________ in London, and he never returned.

10.  Please don't leave __________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight.

11.  She needs __________ to love. She's very lonely.

12.  They will not sing __________ in this city. They said that they would never come back.

13.  There isn't __________ you can do to help them. __________ can help them.

14.  We do not need __________ else to run this department. We can do it ourselves.

15.  __________ is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is.

16.  __________ phoned while we were out, but they did not leave a message.

17.  __________ tells me that there is __________ fishy going on .

18.  They are looking for __________ to settle down and have children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a quiet life.

19.  "Where would you like to stay?"

       "__________ will do provided it is a clean place."

20.  "Is there __________ at home?"

       "I don't think there is __________. Mum and dad must have gone out."


Autor: Miquel Molina i Diez (Polseguera.com)

Soluciones: (Le recordamos que en vez de anybody, nobody y somebody, se puede usaranyone, no-one y someone respectivamente.)

  1.  something

  2.  Nobody (Nothing es también posible si lo queremos hacer más drástico.)

  3.  somewhere

  4.  Anybody

  5.  Nothing / Nobody (La primera alternativa tal vez sea mejor, pero esto depende del contexto.)

  6.  nowhere, somewhere

  7.  something

  8.  something

  9.  somewhere

10.  anything

11.  somebody

12.  anywhere

13.  anything, Nobody

14.  anybody

15.  Somebody

16.  Somebody

17.  Something, something

18.  somewhere

19.  Anywhere

20.  anybody, anybody

ni2 7/5/12

Homework: Grammar unit 8B

Shortsighted(ness) [ʃɔ:t'saɪtɪdnɪs]

Myopia /maɪˈəʊpiə/

Farsightedness [fɑ:'saɪtɪdnɪs]

Eyestrain  

Astigmatism

massage ¹ /məˈsɑːʒ /

I wouldn’t have a piercing done in my nose or lips, say.

It’s unhygienic.

People do it for the look.

Find it inconvenient and difficult to wash.

People don’t notice your appearance

It gives you a sense of escape, of freedom.

They get so obsessed about their hair.

A temporary tattoo (with henna).

I’ve never done it just for no reason or for fashion.

It’s seen as a new start

….

 Are you concerned about your look? Why (not)?

Do you think it is important the image you show to other people?

Do you judge people for their look?

To make a good impression…

Out‧fit [countable]

1 a set of clothes worn together, especially for a special occasion:

class=pronsentence title="Look up a word starting with D or S for samples of headword or sentence pronunciations on the LDOCE CD-ROM" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025">She bought a new outfit for the party.

' class=pronsentence title="Look up a word starting with D or S for samples of headword or sentence pronunciations on the LDOCE CD-ROM" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026"> A cowboy outfit.

Shake hands…

nb2 3/5/12

Homework: Describing a place. Use the information on page 85 + p.86 (grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation)

You can describe:

The landscape

Monuments

Sculptures

Buildings

People

Parks

…

The last day with class is the 29^th of May

Bad – worse (than) – the worst

Daewoo is worse than Mercedes. Tata is the worst car.

Hot – hotter (than) – the hottest

Spain is hotter than Finland. Sahara is the hottest place (on earth).

Expensive – more expensive (than) – the most expensive.

Gold is more expensive than silver. Diamonds are the most expensive (and a girl’s best friends)

The love boat

Tab ≠ eyelash

Cab = taxi

It takes about 20 minutes to go to the bay by taxi.

I’m expecting a phone call by / at about / around 1 pm.

madam / ˈmædəm/ = ma'am /mæm/

Snack

Adult /əˈdʌlt/ , /ˈædʌlt/

Buck [countable]= Dollar

Informal a US, Canadian, or Australian dollar:

style='orphans: 2;text-align:-webkit-auto;widows: 2;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px' class=pronsentence title="Look up a word starting with D or S for samples of headword or sentence pronunciations on the LDOCE CD-ROM" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025">He owes me ten bucks.

Coins and notes (cash)

Prison

Spire /spaɪr / ||/ ˈspaɪə(r)/

Ceiling / ˈsiːlɪŋ/ ≠ roof

Appalling /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/

It’s a long way from London. I’d (would) miss my family and friends.

If I live in San Francisco, I’ll miss my family (possible).

Love, exciting and new 
Come Aboard. We're expecting you. 
Love, life's sweetest reward. 
Let it flow, it floats back to you. 

Love Boat soon will be making another run 
The Love Boat promises something for everyone 
Set a course for adventure, 
Your mind on a new romance. 

Love won't hurt anymore 
It's an open smile on a friendly shore. 
Yes LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVE! It's LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVE! (hey-ah!) 

Love Boat soon will be making another run 
The Love Boat promises something for everyone 
Set a course for adventure, 
Your mind on a new romance. 

Love won't hurt anymore 
It's an open smile on a friendly shore. 
It's LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVE! It's LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVE! It's 
LOOOOOOOOOOOVE! 
It's the Love Boat-ah! It's the Love Boat-ah!

ni2 2/5/12

Homework: grammar practice unit 7 and writing a report, p. 88 (write a similar report but on the topic you choose)

Reports vary in their purpose, but all of them will require a formal structure and careful planning, presenting the material in a logical manner using clear and concise language.

The following suggestions will help you to produce an easily read report:

• Paragraphs should be short and concise.

• Headings should be clear - highlighted in bold or underlined.

• All diagrams and illustrations should be labelled and numbered.

• All standard units, measurements and technical terminology should be listed in a glossary of terms at the back of your report.

Hir‧sute / ˈhɜːsjuːt/ literary humorous

Having a lot of hair on your body and face [↪ hairy]

Quiff [countable]

British English a part of a man's hair style where the hair stands up at the front above his forehead

Moisturizing cream.

Elixir /ɪˈlɪksər / ||/ɪˈlɪksə(r)/

Cellulite / ˈseljəlaɪt / || / ˈseljʊlaɪt/

Grey hair

Gim‧mick [countable] informal

A trick or something unusual that you do to make people notice someone or something - used to show disapproval [↪ stunt]:

' class=pronsentence title="Look up a word starting with D or S for samples of headword or sentence pronunciations on the LDOCE CD-ROM" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"> Advertising gimmicks

Stretch mark